The Twenty-Eight Qur'ānic Prophet-Messengers and Associated Figures: 

Exegetical Notes and Bibliography.

Stephen Lambden UC-Merced

IN PROGRESS 2009-10

 

 

في المصباح والاقبال في دعاء ام داود

: اللهم صل على هابيل و شيث وإدريس ونوح وهود وصالح وإبراهيم وإسماعيل وإسحاق ويعقوب ويوسف و الاسباط ولوط وشعيب وأيوب وموسى وهارون ويوشع وميشا والخضر وذي القرنين ويونس وإلياس واليسع وذي الكفل وطالوت وداود وسليمان وزكريا وشعيا ويحيى وتورخ ومتى وأرميا وحيقوق ودانيال وعزير وعيسى وشمعون وجرجيس والحواريين والاتباع وخالد و حنظلة ولقمان .

The Supplication of the Umm Dawud, the Mother of David.

"O my God! Blessings be upon [1] Hābīl (Abel), [2] Shīth (Seth), [3] Idrīs (Enoch), [4] Nūḥ (Noah), [5] Hūd, [6] Salīḥ [7] Ibrāhīm (Abraham), [8] Ismā'īl (Ishmael) and [9] Isḥāq (Isaac), [10] Ya'qūb (Jacob), [11] Yūsuf (Joseph), [12] and the tribes [of Israel] (al-asbāt), [13] Lūṭ (Lot), [14] Shu'ayb, [15] 'Ayyūb (Job), [16] Mūsā (Moses), [17] Harun (Aaron), [18] Joshua, [19] ميشا  = Mīshā = Mishael (?), [201 Khiḍr ("the Green-Verdant-Immortal"), [21] Dhū-l-Qarnayn ('Double-horned' [Alexander the Great]), [22] Yūnus (Jonah), [23] llyās (Elijah), [24] Alyasa' (Elias), [25] Dhū'l-Kifl, [26] Ṭālūt (Saul), [27] Dā'wūd (David), [281 Sulayman (Solomon), [29] Zaka'riyya (Zachariah), [30] Yaḥyā' (John [the Baptist]), [31] تورخ = ?? Turakh = Turk or Terah ??), [32] Mattā (Matthew), [33] Irmīya (Jeremiah) [34] Hayaqūq (Habbakuk), [35] Danyāl (Daniel) [36] 'Azīz ('Mighty'), [37] 'Īsā' (Jesus), [38] Shimūn (Simon [Peter]), [39] Jirjīs ([St.] George [Megalomarytyros, the 3rd-4th cent CE Christian Martyr]), [40] the Disciples [of Jesus] (al-ḥawariyyīn), [41] the (secondary) 'Followers' [of Jesus] (al-Atbā'), [42] Khālid [b Sinān al-'Absī]), [43] Ḥanẓalah [ibn Ṣafwān] and [44] [the sage] Luqmān". (trans. Lambden from Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār 11:59 Arabic text above).

 

Qur'anic and post-Qur'anic Prophetology, Islamic Perspectives on Prophets and Prophecy: General Bibliography.

Khoury, Raif Georges.

  • Les légendes prophétiques dans l'Islam depuis le /'՝' /iisi/n 'an ΠΙ' siècle de l'Hégire. Wiesbaden: Harrassovvitz, 1978.
  • "Quelques réflexions sur la première ou les premières Bibles arabes." Pages 549-61 in L'Arabie préislamique et son environneinent historique et culturel: Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg 24-27 /nin 1987. Edited by T. Faliti. Leiden: Brill, 1989.
     

Hanauer, J. E.,

  • Folk-Lore of the Holy Land; Moslem, Christian and Jewish, ed. by Marmaduke Pickthall. London: Duckworth & Co., 1907.

Lidzbarski, Mark.

  • De propheticis, quae dicuntur, legendis arabids.· Prolegomena. Lipsiae: Drugulini, 1893.
     

Sidersky, David.

  • Lês origines des légendes musulmanes dans le Coran el dans les vies des prophètes. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1933. *
     

 Speyer, Heinrich.

  • Die biblischen Erzaehlungen in Qoran, Grafenhainischen 1938, repr. Hildesheim 1961
  • Die biblischen Erzähblungen im Qoran 1961 Rep.. Hildesheim,  Olms, I989.
     

Wensinck, A.J.,

  •  "Ilyas," EI\ 3:1156.
  • "al-Khadir," El՝1, 4:902-5.

 

THE TWENTY- EIGHT QUR'ĀNIC-ISLAMIC PROPHETS AND ASSOCIATED FIGURES

The first couple and their antediluvian progeny.

  • 001 Ādam  = Adam and Ḥawā' = Eve .
  • In the Image of God
  • Garments of Adam and Eve
  • The Fall
  • 002 ADD = Cain +  Hābīl = Abel and  Shīth =Seth.
  • 00 Harut and Marut.
  • 003 Idrīs (Enoch).
  • 004.Nūḥ (Noah).
  • The Prophet [Muhammad] said: “The likeness of the people of the House (ahl al-bayt) amongst my community (ummah) is similar to the Ark of Noah. Those who embarked on it were rescued and those who rejected it perished” (Bihar 27:113).

Three Pre-Islamic Arabian Prophets and associated figures.

  • 005. Hud
  • 006. Salīḥ
  • 007. Shu`ayb
  • Job - 012
  • Luqman-024
  • Dhu'l-Kifl -021.

Bosworth, C. E.

  • "Madyan Shu`ayb in pre-Islamic and early Islamic lore and history." Journal of Semitic Studies. 29 (1984), 53-64.

 

 

Abraham and associated Prophets

  • 008. Abraham
  • 009 Isaac
  • 010 Ishmael
  • 011. Lot
  • 012 Job

Israelite Patriachs, Prophets and associated worthies.

  • 013. Jacob-Israel
  • 014 Joseph
  • 015 Moses and Joshua -Khidr
  • 016 Aaron
  • 017. David
  • 018 Solomon
  • 019 Elijah
  • 020 Elisha
  • 021 Dhu'l-Kifl
  • 022 Jonah
  • 023 Ezra
  • 024 Luqman

Jesus and Christian Origins

  • 025 Dhu'l-Qarnayn  = Alexander of Macedon (           ), `Ali ibn Abi Talib (d.40/661).
  • 026  Zechariah and John the Baptist = Zarariyya and Yahya
  • 00 Mary mother of Jesus.
  • 027 Jesus of Nazareth

Muhammad and Islamic Origins

  • 028
  • 00 Khālid ibn Sinān al-`Absī.
  • 00 Ḥanẓalah ibn Ṣafwān. 
  • 00 Luqman (II)

 

[01] ADAM AND EVE

Biblical background: Gen. 2-3; Job 15; Ezek. 28 cf. Prov 8:22-31.

Schock, Cornelia.

  • "Adam and Eve." Enc.Qur 1:22-26.

Kister, M.J.

  • Kister, MJ., "Adam: A study of Some Legends in Tafsir and Hadith Literature," in Israel Oriental Studies, vol. 13. Leiden: E.J. Brill: 1993, pp. 113-174.
  • "Ādam: A Study of Some Legends in Tafsır and Hadith Literature."  in idem, Concepts and Ideas at the Dawn of Islam. pp.113-74 Aldershot: Ashgate/ Variorum, 1997.
     

[00] HARUT AND MARUT

  • 'Harut and Marut,' William M. Brinner  EQ. 2: 404-405.

[02-A] CAIN, ABEL AND SETH

Stillman, Norman A.

  • "The Story of Cain and Abel in the Quran and the Muslim Commentators: Some Observations." JSS 19 (1974): 231-39.

  • "Story of Cain and Abel in the Qur'an and the Muslim commentators : some observations." Journal of Semitic Studies. 19 (Aut 1974): 231-239

 

[03] ENOCH

Erder, Yoram.

  • "The origin of the name Idris in the Qur'an : a study of the influence of Qumran literature on early Islam." Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 49 (1990), 339-350.

VanderKam, James C.

  • Enoch: A Man for All Generations, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995.

[04] NOAH

Demant, D.

  • `Noah in Early Jewish Literatures' in Biblical Figures Outside the Bible (eds. M.E. Stone et.al. ) Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Trinity Press, 1998, pp. 123-150.

Orlov, A. A.

Steiner, R.C.

  • 'The Heading of the Book of the Words of Noah on a Fragment of the Genesis Apocryphon: New Light on a "Lost" Work"' Dead Sea Discoveries (=  DSD)  2 (1995), 66-71.

Stone, Michael E.

  • "Noah, Books of" Encyclopedia Judaica 12:1198.
  • `The Books Attributed to Noah' in Dead Sea Discoveries 13.1 (2006), 4-23.

Werman,

  • Qumran and Book of Noah.

[05-7] THE THREE ARABIAN MESSENGERS

 

Bosworth, C. E.

  • "Madyan Shu`ayb in pre-Islamic and early Islamic lore and history." Journal of Semitic Studies. 29 (1984), 53-64.

[00] MELCHIZEDEK

Genesis 14+ Psalm 110+Hebrews 7 cf. Revelation 12

11QMelchizedek (11Q13) + Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (4Q401, frags. 11 and 22)

 

James R. Davila,

  • "Melchizedek, Michael, and War in Heaven," in Society of Biblical Literature 1996 Seminar Papers (Atlanta, Ga.: Scholars Press, 1996) 259-72
  •  "Melchizedek: King, Priest, and God," in The Seductiveness of Jewish Myth: Challenge or Response?, ed. S. Daniel Breslauer (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY, 1997) 217-34

J. A. Fitzmyer,

  • "'Now This Melchizedek . . .' (Heb. 7:1)," in Essays on the Semitic Background of the New Testament  (SBLSBS 5) XXXX: Scholars Press:(1974) 221-43. *

F. L. Horton, Jr.,

  • The Melchizedek Tradition: A Critical Examination of the Sources to the Fifth Century A.D. and in the Epistle to the Hebrews (SNTSMS 30) Cambridge, England: 1976. *

Paul J. Kobelski,

  • Melchizedek and Melchirea  (= CBQMS 10) ; Washington , D.C.: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1981.

Birger A. Pearson,

  • "The Figure Melchizedek in Gnostic Literature," in  Gnosticism, Judaism, and Egyptian Christianity (= Studies in Antiquity and Christianity 5) Minneapolis, Minn.: 1990) 108-23 *

S. E. Robinson,

  • "The Apocryphal Story of Melchizedek," Journal for the Study of Judaism 18 (1987) 26-39 . *

 

[08] ABRAHAM

 Bashear, Suliman.

  • "Qur'an 2:114 and Jerusalem." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 52 No 2 (1989): 215-238.

  • "Abraham's Sacrifice of his Son and Related Issues : [in the Qur'an]." Islam. 67, no 2 (1990): 243-277.

Firestone, Reuven.

  • Journeys in Holy Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis . State Univ of New York Press., 1990.  ISBN 0791403319

Lowin, Shari L.

  • Making of a Forefather: Abraham In Islamic & Jewish Exegetical Narratives (= Islamic History & Civilization/Texts & Studies, Volume 65). Leiden: Brill, 2006. 308pp.

"This comparative analysis examines the Islamic & Jewish exegetical narratives on the early life of the forefather Abraham. It reveals how the traditions utilized one another's materials in creating & re-creating the patriarch in their own image. Each chapter examines a particular motif in Abraham's development, from the prophecy surrounding his birth to his discovery of God & polemics with pagans to his salvation in the fiery furnace of Chaldea."

Moubarac, Youakim.

  • Abraham dans le Coran. Paris: Vrin, 1958.

Paret, Rudi. "Ibraahiim." El2 3:980-81.
 

Kister, M.J.

  •  "... And He Was Born Circumcised...." Pages 10-30 in idem, Concepts and Ideas at the Dawn of Islam. Aldershot: Ashgate/Variorum, 1997.
     

Schützinger, Heinrich.

  • Ursprung und Entwicklung der arabischen Abraham-Ninirod Legende. Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 1961.

Tvedines, John A., Brian M. Hauglid, and John Gee, eds.

  • Traditions about the Early Life of Abraham. Provo, Utah: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies and Brigham Young University, 2001.
     

[09-10] ISAAC AND ISHMAEL

Firestone, Reuven.

  • "Abraham's son as the intended sacrifice (al-dhabih, Qur'an 37:99-113) : issues in Qur'anic exegesis" Journal of Semitic Studies. 34 (1989),  95-131.
  • Journeys in Holy Lands: The Origin o/ the Abraham-Ishmael Isgends in Islamic Exegesis. Albany: Slate Universily of New York, Press, 1990.
  • "Merit, Mimesis, and Martyrdom: Aspects of the Shii'ite Meta-historical Exegesis on Abraham's Sacrifice in Light of Jewish, Christian, and Sunni Muslim
    Tradition," Journal of the American Academy of Religion  66 ( 1998), pp. 93֊ 116.
  •  "Comparative Studies in Bible and Our'an: A Fresh Look at Genesis 22 in Light of Sura 37," in Judaism and Islam: Boundaries, Communication, and Interaction.
    Leiden: Brill, 2000, pp. 169-184.
  • `Isaac',  EQ. 2: 561-562)
  • Ishmael,' EQ. 2: 563-565.

Mishael M. Caspi & Sascha B. Cohen

  • Binding (Aqedah) and Its Transformations in Judaism and Islam: The Lambs of God, ADD: Edwin Mellen Pr. (Biblical Press Series),1995. (188pp.). ISBN: 0773423893.  

[11] LOT

 

[12] JOB

 

Greenstein, Edward L.

·        `The Language of Job and its Poetic Function’ in JBL., 122 (2003),  651-666.

  • 017. David
  • 018 Solomon
  • 019 Elijah
  • 020 Elisha
  • 021 Dhu'l-Kifl
  • 022 Jonah
  • 023 Ezra
  • 024 Luqman

 

[014] JOSEPH

Bernstein, Marc Steven,

  • The Story of Our Master Joseph: Intertextuality in Judaism and Islam. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1992.
  • "The Story of Our Master Joseph: The Spiritual or the Righteous?" in Judaism and Islam: Boundaries, Communication, and Interaction: Essays in Honor of William M. Brinner, ed. by B. H. Háry, J. L. Hayes, and F. Astren. Leiden: Brill, 2000. pp. 157-167.
     

 Stern, Martin S.

  •  "Muhammad and Joseph : a study of Koranic narrative." Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 44 No 3 (1985): 193-204.

[00] GOLIATH

Firestone, Reuvcn,

  •  "Tālūt," EI'2, 10:168 169.
     

 

 [015-016] MOSES, AARON AND JOSHUA-KHIDR

Augustinovic, A.,

  •  "El-Khadr" and the Prophet Elijah. Jerusalem: 1972.
     

Friedlander, Israel,

  • Die Chadir legende und der Alexanderroman, Leipzig: 1913.

Lewy, 1.

  •  "The Story of the Golden Calf Reanalyzed." VT9 (1959): 318-22.
     

Smolar, Leivy, and Moshe Aberbach.

  • "The Golden Call Episode in Postbiblical Literature."HUCA 39 ( 1968): 91-116..
     

Wheeler, Brannon M.

  • "Moses or Alexander? Early Islamic Exegesis of Quran 18:60-65 " Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 57 (1998), 191-215.
  • Moses in the Qur'an and Islamic Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. 2000.
  • Prophets in the Quran An Introduction to the Qur'an and Muslim Exegesis, London: Continuum, 2002.
     

Tottoli ,Roberto,

  • ‘Imran,   EQ  X: 509.

Barlaam

Schutzinger, Heinrich.

  • "Die arabische Bileam-Erzahlung : ihre Quellen und ihre Entwicklung." Islam. 59 (1982): 195-221.

 

[017] DAVID

Johns, A.H.

  • `David and Bathsheba: A Case Study in the Exegesis of Qur'anic Story-telling', in MIDEO 19 (1989), 225-266.

Lindsay, James E. 

  • `ʿAlī Ibn ʿAsākir as a Preserver of Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ: The Case of David b. Jesse,” Studia Islamica, 82 (1995): 47-50.

 

[018] SOLOMON

 

  • Bibliography

Tafsir sources

 Tabarī, i, 572-97

Qisas al-anbiya' sources

 Kisā'i Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā,

Tha`labī, Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā", 200 ff. Eng. tr. W. M. Thackston, The Tales of the Prophet of al-Kisa"i, Boston 1978, 288-308

Historical Sources

Masudi, Muruj al-dhahab, 1, 111-12 = Para. 106.

Articles and Books

S.S. Ali,

  • King Solomon's strategy of deception, in IQ, xxiv (1990), 59-65
  •  

König, D. + H. Venzlaff,

  • Salomo und das Raetsel der Perle, in Isl., lxii (1985), 298-310 A.H.

Hirschberg, H.J.

  • in Eretz-Israel, iii (1954), 213-20 [in Hebr.]
  • idem, art. Solomon, in Islam, in Encycl. Judaica (Jerusalem), xv, 108

Johns, A. H.

  • `Solomon and he Queen of Sheba, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi's Treatment of the Quranic telling of the Story' in Abr-Nahrain xxiv (1986), 58-82.

Salzberger,  G.

  • Salomons Tempelbau und Thron in der semitischen Sagenliteratur, Berlin 1912

Sidersky, D.

  • Les legendes musulmanes de la Bible, Paris 1933

 Speyer, H.

  • Die biblischen Erzaehlungen in Qoran, Grafenhainischen 1938, repr. Hildesheim 1961

Harding, James & Loveday  Alexander, 

·        1999 `Dating the Testament of Solomon’ :  http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_sd/date_tsol.html

Pirenne,  J.

  • Bilqis et Salomon. La Reine de Saba dans le Coran et la Bible, in Dossiers d'Archeologie, xxxiii (1979), 6-10

 Schedl, C.

  • Sulaiman und die Königin von Saba: logotechnische und religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung zu Sure 27, 17-44, in Al-Hudhud. Festschrift für M. Höfner zum 80. Geburtstag, Graz 1981, 305-24

Schwarzbaum, H.

  • Biblical and extra-biblical legends in Islamic folk-literature, Walldorf 1982

Soucek, P.

  • The Temple of Solomon in Islamic legend and art, in J. Gutmann (ed.), The Temple of Solomon. Archeological fact and medieval tradition in Christian, Islamic and Jewish art, Missoula 1976, 72-123

Walker, J.

  • Bible characters in the Koran, Paisley 1931

 

P. Soucek, Solomon's throne/Solomon's bath: model or metaphor?, in Ars Orientalis, xxiii (1993), 109-34.

Solomon figures prominently in manuals of practical magic, and likewise plays an important role in Islamic esotericism, notably in Ibn `Arabi's Fuṣåṣ al-Hikam (partial tr. T. Burckhardt, La sagesse des prophetes, Paris 1968 full tr. R. Austin, The Bezels of Wisdom, Ramsey, N.J. 1981) and the school of his commentators, in which he incarnates the "word of the mercy-bestowing wisdom".

[XX] ELIJAH

[XX] EZRA

Ayoub, Mahmoud,

  • "'Uzayr in the Qur'an and Muslim Tradition," in Brinner and Ricks, Studies in Islamic and Judaic Traditions. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1986. pp. 3-18.

 

[XX]  Dhū’l-Qarnayn ("The Two-Horned").

Dhū’l-Qarnayn, ([trad.] N?), one `Possessed of two horns’ is three times mentioned in the Sūrah of the Cave (18:82-98 only). Various Syriac and many post-qur’anic Islamic sources apply this epithet to Alexander the Great, Alexander III of Macedon (356 -323 BCE). Islamic sources, however, make many further  identifications of Dhu’l-Qarnayn including, for example, al-Khiḍr (the "Verdent", the immortal "Green One") and (in certain Shī`ī sources) `Alī b. Abī Ṭālib (d.40 /661) (Majlisī, Bihar 2 12:172ff; Mittwoch, SEI:76).  According to Q.18:94 Dhū’l-Qarnayn built a barrier to protect the people from the (ultimately eschatological) ravages of Ya’jūj and Ma’jūj (`Gog and Magog’, cf. Q. 21:96, Ezek.38-39; Rev.20:8).

Babi-Baha'i Interpretation

    Both the Bāb and Baha'-Allah interpreted the qur’ānic story Dhū’l-Qarnayn and mystically applied this epiphet to themselves. In QA 76 the Bāb exegetically rewrites, in waḥy (revelation mode) parts of the story of Dhū'l Qarnayn (Q. 18:83ff). As the eschatological Imam `Alī, the Bāb in various ways identified himself with Dhū’l-Qarnayn. It was in this imamological persona that he made various abstruse dualistic pronouncements regarding his theological station.  In his Qayyum al-asma' the Bab associated himself with Dhū’l-Qarnayn especially in the light of the duality of his position as the Bab which Arabic word is spelled with two letter "B"s ( =           = b+a+b) (see QA  76 where in dialogue with God he at one point writes ADD URL).

O Solace of the Eye[s]! The people shall ask thee about Dhه'l Dhū’l-Qarnayn

Say [then in reply]: `Yea! By my Lord!

I am indeed the King of the two Originations (malik al‑bad'ayn) in the two horns-eras-dominions (al‑qarnayn).

I am the elevated possessor of a Horn [Dhu'l Qarn] in the two bodies (al‑jismayn).

I am the Sinaitic Fire in the two cosmic Waters (al mā'ayn).

I am the cosmic Water (al ma') in the two [Sinaitic] Fires (al nārayn).

So hearken unto my call from these two [Sinaitic] Mounts (al turayn). .. We verily, established him [= Dhu'l Qarnaun = the Bāb] in the land and We, in very truth, bestowed a letter [of the alphabet] from the name of the Dhikr upon this Arabian Youth (al ghulam al `arab¿ = the Bāb) such that the ways and means to all ends became his.....

In his early Edirne Lawḥ-i Sayyāḥ (“Tablet to the Traveller”) written around 1867 CE Baha'-Allah similarly seems to rewrite with reference to his theophany aspects of the story of Dhu’l-Qarnayn. At one time Baha'-Allah also identified “Gog and Magog” with his dual latter-day Bābi antagonists Mirzā Yaḥyā Nuri (his half-brother) and Sayyid Muhammad Isfāhāni, subsequently considered antichrists of the Bābi era (Ma’idih 4:99, cf.146).

In certain of his writings the Baha'i leader `Abd al-Baha' repeats the Shi`i identification of  Dhū’l-Qarnayn with Imam `Alī but finds cryptic (ramzī) or esoteric senses in every aspect of the Qur'anic story of Dhu'l-Qarnayn which he classifies as mutashābihāt (“needing interpretation”) material  (refer, Tablet to Jināb-i Nushābādī in Ma’idih 2:42-3 and see

Alexander." Enc.-Q. 1:61-62).

 

00-ISAIAH

`Isaiah', Andrew Rippin  EQ. X: 562-563.

ALEXANDER

Renard, John.

Watt, William Montgomery.

  • "Iskandar." El2 4:127.
     

[XX]. ZACHARIAH AND  YAḤYĀ  = JOHN THE BAPTIST.

 

 

Meier, John, P.

  • John the Baptist in Josephus: Philology and Exegesis JBL 111/2 (1992), 225-237.

Kelhoffer, James A.

  • The Diet of John the Baptist: "Locusts and Wild Honey" in Synoptic and Patristic Interpretation (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen Zum Neuen Testament) 256 pp. J.C.B. Mohr (P. Siebeck) 2005. ISBN-10: 3161484606 ISBN-13: 978-3161484605

 

[XX]. MARY AND JESUS

Khalidi, Tarif.

  • The Muslim Jesus: Saving and Stories iii Islamic Literature. Cambridge: Har֊varcl University Press, 2001.

Mourad, Suleiman A.

  • "On the Qur'anic Stories about Mary and Jesus." Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies 1 (1999): 13-24.
  • "A Twelfth-Century Muslim Biography of Jesus." Islam and Christian֊ Muslim Relations 7 (1996): 39-45.

  • “Jesus According to Ibn ʿAsākir,” in Ibn ʿAsākir and Early Islamic History (2001), 24-43.

 

Parrinder, Geoffrey,

  • Jesus in the Qur'an. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1965.

Robson,  James,

  • Christ in Islam . Rep. Forward by Andrew Phillip Smith, XXXX : Bardic Press, 2006. ISBN: 0974566780 + ISBN-13: 9780974566788

 

Robinson, Neal.

  • Christ in Islam and Christianity. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.*
  • Christ in Islam and Christianity: the Representation of Jesus in the Qur'an and the Classical Musliin Commentaries. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
  • "Jesus and Mary in the Qur'an: Some Neglected Affinities." Religion 20 (1990): 161-75.
     

Schleifer, Aliah.

  • Mary, the Blessed Virgin of Islam. Louisville: Fons Vitae, 1998.

Waldenfels, Hans.

  • "Maria zwischen Talmud und Koran." Zeitschrift fur Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft. 73 no 2 (1989),  97-108.

 

[XX].THE COMPANIONS OF THE CAVE  (ASHAB AL-KAHF).

Bonnet, Jacques, Artemis

  • d'Éphèse et la légende des sept dormant.  Paris: ADD, 1977.

Dajjānī, Rafīq Wafā,

  • Iktishāf Kahf Ahl al-Kahf. Beirut: ADD 1964.

 

Massignon, Louis.

  • "Les sept dormants apocalypse de l'Islam." AnBoll 68 (1950): 245-60.
     

Jourdan, François.

  • La tradition des Sept Donnants: Vně rencontre entre chrétiens et musulmans. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 2001.

  •  

Jourdan, François,

  • La tradition des septs dormants (une rencontre entre chrétiens et musulmans) (Les jardins secrets de la littérature arabe, vol. 2) Paris: 1983, pp. 16-39.

Dajjānī,  Rafîq Wafā

  • Iktishāf Kahf Ahl al-Kahf. Beirut: ADD, 1964.